![]() ![]() Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 14(6), 397–400.īorowitz, S. Parental and patient perceptions about encopresis and its treatment. C., Haley, N., Bélanger, S., & Nadeau, D. Clinical Practice of Pediatric Psychology, 4(1), 1–10.īernard-Bonnin, A. Co-occurring autism and intellectual disability: A treatment for encopresis using a behavioral intervention plus laxative across settings. The prevalence of abnormal genital findings, vulvovaginitis, enuresis and encopresis in children who present with allegations of sexual abuse. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Īnderson, B., Thimmesch, I., Aardsma, N., Ed, D. ![]() DSM-5: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Īmerican Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Īmerican Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 40, 22–27.Īmerican Psychiatric Association. Association between elimination disorders and abusive maternal attitudes. Familial psychological factors are associated with encopresis. ![]() Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.Īkdemir, D., Çengel-Kültür, S. Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised behavior profile. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īchenbach, T. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. With treatment, symptom remission can take several months to years, and relapse rates are substantial even among those with initial positive response to treatment. Randomized-controlled studies comparing multiple treatment protocols are limited. Multimodal treatment is most common, involving behavioral, educational, and medical intervention and is particularly effective for youth who have previously failed to respond to medical intervention alone. Encopresis accounts for up to 6% of psychiatric referrals among school-aged children. Prevalence rates range from 3% to 7% worldwide, and diagnosed males outnumber females at a ratio of 6:1. Encopresis is a biobehavioral disorder characterized by the repeated passage of fecal matter in inappropriate places either involuntarily or intentionally. ![]()
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